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DUAL AXIS SOLAR TRACKER:-
Objective:
This report describes in detail about Prototype Solar Tracking Systems. The design detail of Dual Axis Solar Tracker are described which detect the sunlight using Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) sensors. The control circuit for the systems are based on Atmega8 Microcontroller which is programmed to detect the sunlight through the LDR sensors and then actuate the DC geared motor using L293D motor driver to position the solar panel where it can receive the maximum sunlight.
Introduction:
The sun position in the sky not only changes from east to west, but the latitude of the sun's path also varies throughout the year, that is why we get different seasons i.e. spring, summer, winter etc. A dual axis tracker is a tracker that accounts for daily and seasonal motions of the sun throughout the year. The Dual Axis solar Tracker starts tracking the sun at morning and ends tracking at evening and automatically comes to its initial position for tracking the sun next day. The Dual Axis solar Tracker has two degrees of freedom for the exact tracking of sun in the sky.
The whole movement of the system is driven by two DC geared motors controlled by the control circuit and LDR sensors. The whole system is powered by the 9 volts rechargeable batteries which can be charged by the solar panel itself that makes the whole system independent of any external power supply. .
Working:
1. For tracking the sun we have used light dependent resistor (LDR) the electrical resistance of LDR changes with light intensity . It is inversely proportional to the light intensity.
2. We have used four LDR two for both axis.
3. Two LDR are arranged facing opposite to each other and placed in inclined plane shown in figure below.
4. Value of the two LDR differ according to the sun position. These values are sensed by the atmega8 microcontroller.
5. LDR sensor consist of one LDR in series with a resistor to form a voltage divider circuit which send a analog voltage according to the light falling on the LDR.
6. The microcontroller send the proper command to the motor driver to turn the motor in such a manner that the difference between two LDR value become zero or in certain limit.
7. In the same manner the second set of LDR control the rotation of second axis.
8. In this way the dual axis solar tracker tracks the sun during the day.
9. At the evening when sun sets the tracker reset to its initial position automatically i.e. at east position.
This report describes in detail about Prototype
Solar Tracking Systems. The design detail of Dual Axis Solar Tracker are
described which detect the sunlight using Light Dependent Resistor (LDR)
sensors. The control circuit for the systems are based on Atmega8
Microcontroller which is programmed to detect the sunlight through the LDR
sensors and then actuate the DC geared motor using L293D motor driver to
position the solar panel where it can receive the maximum sunlight.
The sun position in the sky not only changes from east to west, but the latitude of the sun's path also varies throughout the year, that is why we get different seasons i.e. spring, summer, winter etc. A dual axis tracker is a tracker that accounts for daily and seasonal motions of the sun throughout the year. The Dual Axis solar Tracker starts tracking the sun at morning and ends tracking at evening and automatically comes to its initial position for tracking the sun next day. The Dual Axis solar Tracker has two degrees of freedom for the exact tracking of sun in the sky.The whole movement of the system is driven by two DC geared motors controlled by the control circuit and LDR sensors. The whole system is powered by the 9 volts rechargeable batteries which can be charged by the solar panel itself that makes the whole system independent of any external power supply.
Application :
1.
The system is
used in large solar power plants.
2.
It is also used
in concentrated solar collectors.
3.
Also used in
space crafts to get continues solar power at maximum efficiency.
Advantages :
1.
Increases the efficiency of solar panel.
2.
Low cost.
3.
Simple and robust in construction.
PROJECT VEDIO :-
WIRELESS POWER TRANSMISSION
Wireless
Power Transfer method is a method to transfer electrical power without wires, like that of wireless radio
communication where we can transfer voice from one station to another by the
help of radio waves, in this system we can transfer wireless power by the help
electromagnetic waves.
Wireless power transmission is the
means to power devices without a built in power source such as a generator or
battery. There are multiple needs and uses for such technology. One initial use
of such technology is found in powering small devices where much of the size of
the device is in the battery itself. By eliminating the battery in a small
device it would be possible to compact the device even further. Furthermore, on
a larger scale as consumable energy sources on the planet are dwindling in
number it remains an important task to look to the future. If it was possible
to transmit power wirelessly it would be economical to retrieve power from
outer space and simply transmit it back to the planet’s surface as an endless
power source. In our initial research we discovered many have looked into the
feasibility of wireless power transmission
PROJECT VEDIO :-
INDUCTIVE POWER ROADWAYS
ABSTRACT
In last few years, our
society experienced a silent, but quite dramatic, revolution in terms of the
number of autonomous electronic devices (e.g. laptops, palm pilots, digital
cameras, household robots, etc.) that we use in our everyday lives. Currently,
most of these devices are powered by batteries, which need to be recharged very
often. This fact motivated us to think whether there exist physical principles
that could enable wireless powering of these and similar devices. Results of
our search on the feasibility of using resonant objects, strongly coupled
through the tails of their non-radiative modes, for mid-range (i.e. a few
meters: e.g. within a room, or a factory pavilion) wireless power transfer
applications seem to be quite encouraging waves.EXPLAINING CONCEPT BY VIDEO:-
APPLICATIONS:-
1) Automatic
wireless charging for existing electric vehicle classes: golf carts, industrial
vehicles.
2) Automatic
wireless charging for future hybrid and all-electric passenger and commercial
vehicles, at home, in parking garages, at fleet depots, and at remote kiosks.
3) Direct
wireless power interconnections to replace costly vehicle wiring harnesses and
slip rings.
COMPUTER CONTROLLED WIRELESS VEHICLE
In this project, we will learn How to design a PC controlled wireless robot with AVR ATmega16 microcontroller using 433MHz RF circuit. Here, we will use the PC keyboard as the input device and the 433MHz RF circuit to drive the robot wirelessly in different direction and we will display the direction of movement of robot in the PC.
PC will send the signal (ASCII value of pressed key value) to the ATmega16 microcontroller through its serial port. But current generation PCs and Laptops do not have serial port in them, so we will use one USB to Serial converter cable which will create a virtual serial port in the PC /Laptop.Again, the output of USB to Serial cable can not be connected to microcontroller directly as the output voltage of USB to Serial Cable corresponds to RS-232 level. But the ATmega16 microcontroller needs TTL/CMOS voltage levels.
For this, we will use MAX-232 voltage converter which will convert RS-232 voltage level to TTL one and vice-versa. The ATmega16 microcontroller will read the serial output of MAX-232 through its USART and it will process it to know which key of the PC keyboard is pressed.
After knowing which key of the PC keyboard is pressed, the ATmega16 microcontroller will send the required 4 bit signal to the HT12E encoder of RF transmitter circuit.
The HT12E will encode the 8 bit address and 4 bit data given to it and then it will transmit the encoded signal serially to the RF module.
The RF module will transmit the encoded data and address wirelessly and it will send the direction of movement of robot to PC also (direction of robot will be displayed in PC).
At the receiver end, the RF receiver module will receive the encoded 4 bit data and 8 bit address. Then, it will transmit the encoded signal serially to the HT12D decoder which will decode the received signal to 8 bit address and 4 bit data. After decoding, the HT12D will compare the received 8 bit address with its local 8 bit address.
If the received address and the local address are same, then the received 4 bit data is sent to its output pins else the received data is discarded. The 4 bit output of HT12D is sent to the DC motor driver (L293D) of the robot to drive the robot in the desired direction.
The control keys for the robot are F or f, B or b, L or l, R or r and S or s to drive the robot in forward, backward, left, right direction and to stop it respectively. Now, press different keys from the PC and drive your robot wirelessly as you want.
Control Keys
Robot Direction
F or f Forward
B orb Backward
L or l Left
R or r Right
S or s Stop
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Low-cost magnetic levitation project kits for teaching feedback system design
Abstract—
Low-cost magnetic levitation project kits are used
in teaching system design in an introductory undergraduate
control systems course. Students receive individual kits along with
assembly instructions for building a magnetic levitation device
that is marginally stable, and they are then challenged to modify
the system to improve performance. The magnetic levitation kits
provide an open-ended design problem, a class memento, and
on-campus advertising for future students.
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